Справочник по Debian

Аннотация

This Справочник по Debian is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information are provided for topics including fundamental concepts of the Debian system, system installation hints, Debian package management, the Linux kernel under Debian, system tuning, building a gateway, text editors, CVS, programming, and GnuPG for non-developers.

Заметка об авторских правах

Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>.
Copyright (Chapter 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest.

Этот документ может использоваться на условиях лицензии GNU General Public License версии 2 или выше.

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Содержание

• 1 Preface
• 1.1 Official document
• 1.2 Document conventions
• 1.3 Example scripts
• 1.4 Basic setup
• 1.5 Basics of the Debian distributions
• 2 Основы Debian
• 2.1 Архивы Debian
• 2.1.1 Структура каталогов
• 2.1.2 Дистрибутивы Debian
• 2.1.3 Дистрибутив stable
• 2.1.4 Дистрибутив testing
• 2.1.5 Дистрибутив unstable
• 2.1.6 Дистрибутив frozen
• 2.1.7 Кодовые имена дистрибутивов Debian
• 2.1.8 Кодовые имена прошлого
• 2.1.9 Источник кодовых имен
• 2.1.10 Каталог pool
• 2.1.11 Историческая справка относительно Sid
• 2.1.12 Пакеты, закаченные в incoming/
• 2.1.13 Доступ к старым пакетам
• 2.1.14 Секции архитектрур
• 2.1.15 Исходный код
• 2.2 Система управления пакетами в Debian
• 2.2.1 Обзор пакетов Debian
• 2.2.2 Формат Debian пакета
• 2.2.3 Соглашение об именах файлов Debian-пакетов
• 2.2.4 Сохранение текущей конфигурации
• 2.2.5 Скрипты сопровождения Debian
• 2.2.6 Приоритеты пакетов
• 2.2.7 Виртуальные пакеты
• 2.2.8 Зависимости пакетов
• 2.2.9 Значение "pre-depends"
• 2.2.10 Статус пакета
• 2.2.11 Удержание пакетов от обновления
• 2.2.12 Пакеты с исходным текстом
• 2.2.13 Сборка бинарного пакета из пакета с исходным текстом
• 2.2.14 Создание новых пакетов Debian
• 2.3 Обновление системы Debian
• 2.3.1 Способы обновления системы Debian
• 2.3.2 Обзор инструментов управления пакетами
• 2.3.3 Программа dpkg
• 2.3.4 Система APT
• 2.3.5 Программа dselect
• 2.3.6 Обновление работающей системы
• 2.3.7 Скаченные и кэшированные архивные файлы .deb
• 2.3.8 Журналирование (record-keeping) процесса обновления
• 2.4 Процесс загрузки Debian
• 2.4.1 Программа init
• 2.4.2 Уровни выполнения
• 2.4.3 Настройка процесса загрузки
• 2.5 Поддержание многообразия программного обеспечения
• 2.6 Интернационализация
• 2.7 Debian и ядро
• 2.7.1 Компиляция ядра, полученного не из Debian
• 2.7.2 Инструменты для построения ядер, настроенных пользователем
• 2.7.3 Альтернативные системные загрузчики
• 2.7.4 Загрузочные дискеты, настроенные пользователем
• 2.7.5 Специальное положение о том, как работать с модулями
• 2.7.6 Удаление из системы старого пакета с ядром
• 3 Debian System installation hints
• 3.1 General Linux system installation hints
• 3.1.1 Hardware compatibility basics
• 3.1.2 Determining a PC's hardware and chip set
• 3.1.3 Determining a PC's hardware via Debian
• 3.1.4 Determining a PC's hardware via other OSs
• 3.1.5 A Lilo myth
• 3.1.6 GRUB
• 3.1.7 Choice of boot floppies
• 3.1.8 Installation
• 3.1.9 Hosts and IP to use for LAN
• 3.1.10 User accounts
• 3.1.11 Creating filesystems
• 3.1.12 DRAM memory guidelines
• 3.1.13 Swap space
• 3.2 Bash configuration
• 3.3 Mouse configuration
• 3.3.1 PS/2 mice
• 3.3.2 USB mice
• 3.3.3 Touchpad
• 3.4 NFS configuration
• 3.5 Samba configuration
• 3.6 Printer configuration
• 3.6.1 lpr/lpd
• 3.6.2 CUPS™
• 3.7 Other host installation hints
• 3.7.1 Install a few more packages after initial install
• 3.7.2 Modules
• 3.7.3 CD-RW basic setup
• 3.7.4 Large memory and auto power-off
• 3.7.5 Strange access problems with some websites
• 3.7.6 Dialup PPP configuration
• 3.7.7 Other configuration files to tweak in /etc/
• 4 Debian tutorials
• 4.1 Getting started
• 4.1.1 Login to a shell prompt as root
• 4.1.2 Set up minimal newbie environment
• 4.1.3 Add a user account
• 4.1.4 Switch between virtual console
• 4.1.5 How to shut down
• 4.1.6 Play time
• 4.2 Midnight Commander (MC)
• 4.2.1 Enhance MC
• 4.2.2 Start MC
• 4.2.3 File manager in MC
• 4.2.4 Command-line tricks in MC
• 4.2.5 Editor in MC
• 4.2.6 Viewer in MC
• 4.2.7 Auto-start features of MC
• 4.2.8 FTP virtual filesystem of MC
• 4.3 Unix-like work environment
• 4.3.1 Special key strokes
• 4.3.2 Basic Unix commands
• 4.3.3 The command execution
• 4.3.4 Simple command
• 4.3.5 Command execution and environment variable
• 4.3.6 Command search path
• 4.3.7 Command line options
• 4.3.8 Shell wildcards
• 4.3.9 Return value of the command
• 4.3.10 Typical command sequences
• 4.3.11 Command alias
• 4.4 Unix-like text processing
• 4.4.1 Regular expressions
• 4.4.2 Replacement expressions
• 4.5 Unix-like filesystem
• 4.5.1 Unix file basics
• 4.5.2 The filesystem concept in Debian
• 4.5.3 File and directory access permissions
• 4.5.4 Timestamps
• 4.5.5 Links
• 4.5.6 Named pipes (FIFOs)
• 4.5.7 Sockets
• 4.5.8 Device files
• 4.5.9 /proc filesystem
• 4.6 X Window System
• 4.6.1 Start the X Window System
• 4.6.2 Menu in the X Window System
• 4.6.3 Keyboard sequence for the X Window System
• 4.7 Further study
• 5 Upgrading a distribution to testing
• 5.1 Transition of APT to the Woody version
• 5.2 Transition preparation (stable to testing)
• 5.3 Upgrade the Debian system
• 5.3.1 Best upgrade practice using dselect
• 5.3.2 Deprecated upgrade practice using apt-get
• 6 Debian package management
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.1.1 Main tools
• 6.1.2 Convenience tools
• 6.2 Basics of Debian package management
• 6.2.1 Install task with tasksel or aptitude
• 6.2.2 Set up APT system
• 6.2.3 dselect
• 6.2.4 aptitude
• 6.2.5 apt-cache and apt-get commands
• 6.2.6 Tracking a flavor of Debian distribution
• 6.2.7 Downgrading all packages to stable
• 6.2.8 Overview of /etc/apt/preferences
• 6.3 Debian survival commands
• 6.3.1 Check bugs in Debian and seek help
• 6.3.2 APT upgrade troubleshooting
• 6.3.3 Rescue using dpkg
• 6.3.4 Recover package selection data
• 6.3.5 Rescue system after crashing /var
• 6.3.6 Install a package into an unbootable system
• 6.3.7 What to do if the dpkg command is broken
• 6.4 Debian nirvana commands
• 6.4.1 Information on a file
• 6.4.2 Information on a package
• 6.4.3 Unattended installation with APT
• 6.4.4 Reconfigure installed packages
• 6.4.5 Remove and purge packages
• 6.4.6 Holding older packages
• 6.4.7 Mixed stable/testing/unstable system
• 6.4.8 Prune cached package files
• 6.4.9 Record/copy system configuration
• 6.4.10 Port a package to the stable system
• 6.4.11 Local package archive
• 6.4.12 Convert or install an alien binary package
• 6.4.13 Verify installed package files
• 6.4.14 Optimized sources.list
• 6.5 Other Debian peculiarities
• 6.5.1 The dpkg-divert command
• 6.5.2 The equivs package
• 6.5.3 Alternative commands
• 6.5.4 System-V init and runlevels
• 6.5.5 Disabled daemon services
• 7 The Linux kernel under Debian
• 7.1 Kernel recompile
• 7.1.1 Debian standard method
• 7.1.2 Classic method
• 7.1.3 Kernel headers
• 7.2 The modularized 2.4 kernel
• 7.2.1 PCMCIA
• 7.2.2 SCSI
• 7.2.3 Network function
• 7.2.4 EXT3 filesystem ( > 2.4.17)
• 7.2.5 Realtek RTL-8139 support in 2.4
• 7.2.6 Parallel port support
• 7.3 Tuning the kernel through the proc filesystem
• 7.3.1 Too many open files
• 7.3.2 Disk flush intervals
• 7.3.3 Sluggish old low memory machines
• 8 Debian tips
• 8.1 Booting the system
• 8.1.1 "I forgot the root password!" (1)
• 8.1.2 "I forgot the root password!" (2)
• 8.1.3 Cannot boot the system
• 8.1.4 "Let me disable X on boot!"
• 8.1.5 Other boot tricks with the boot prompt
• 8.1.6 Setting GRUB boot parameters
• 8.2 Recording activities
• 8.2.1 Recording shell activities
• 8.2.2 Recording X activities
• 8.3 Copy and archive a whole subdirectory
• 8.3.1 Basic commands for copying a whole subdirectory
• 8.3.2 cp
• 8.3.3 tar
• 8.3.4 pax
• 8.3.5 cpio
• 8.3.6 afio
• 8.4 Differential backup and data synchronization
• 8.4.1 Differential backup with rdiff
• 8.4.2 Daily backup with pdumpfs
• 8.4.3 Regular differential backup with RCS
• 8.5 System freeze recovery
• 8.5.1 Kill a process
• 8.5.2 Alt-SysRq
• 8.6 Nifty little commands to remember
• 8.6.1 Pager
• 8.6.2 Free memory
• 8.6.3 Set time (BIOS)
• 8.6.4 Set time (NTP)
• 8.6.5 How to control console features such as the screensaver
• 8.6.6 Search administrative database
• 8.6.7 Disable sound (beep)
• 8.6.8 Error messages on the console screen
• 8.6.9 Set console to the correct type
• 8.6.10 Get the console back to a sane state
• 8.6.11 Convert a text file from DOS to Unix style
• 8.6.12 Regular-expression substitution
• 8.6.13 Edit a file in place using a script
• 8.6.14 Extract differences and merge updates for source files
• 8.6.15 Convert a large file into small files
• 8.6.16 Extract data from text file table
• 8.6.17 Script snippets for piping commands
• 8.6.18 Script snippets for looping over each file
• 8.6.19 Perl short script madness
• 8.6.20 Get text or a mailing list archive from a web page
• 8.6.21 Pretty print a web page
• 8.6.22 Pretty print a manual page
• 8.6.23 Merge two PostScript or PDF files
• 8.6.24 Time a command
• 8.6.25 nice command
• 8.6.26 Schedule activity (cron, at)
• 8.6.27 Console switching with screen
• 8.6.28 Network testing basics
• 8.6.29 Flush mail from local spool
• 8.6.30 Remove frozen mail from local spool
• 8.6.31 Redeliver mbox contents
• 8.6.32 Clear file contents
• 8.6.33 Dummy files
• 8.6.34 chroot
• 8.6.35 How to check hard links
• 8.6.36 mount hard disk image file
• 8.6.37 Samba
• 8.6.38 Utilities for foreign filesystems
• 8.7 Typical mistakes to be noted
• 8.7.1 rm -rf .*
• 8.7.2 rm /etc/passwd
• 9 Tuning a Debian system
• 9.1 System initialization
• 9.1.1 Customizing init scripts
• 9.1.2 Customizing system logging
• 9.1.3 Optimizing hardware
• 9.2 Restricting access
• 9.2.1 Restricting logins with PAM
• 9.2.2 "Why GNU su does not support the wheel group"
• 9.2.3 Purposes of standard groups
• 9.2.4 Working more safely – sudo
• 9.2.5 Restricting access to services
• 9.2.6 Centralizing authentication – LDAP
• 9.3 CD writers
• 9.3.1 Introduction
• 9.3.2 Approach 1: modules + lilo
• 9.3.3 Approach 2: recompile the kernel
• 9.3.4 Post-configuration steps
• 9.3.5 CD-image file (bootable)
• 9.3.6 Write to the CD-writer (R, RW):
• 9.3.7 Make an image file of a CD
• 9.3.8 Debian CD images
• 9.3.9 Back up the system to CD-R
• 9.3.10 Copy a music CD to CD-R
• 9.4 X
• 9.4.1 X packages
• 9.4.2 Hardware detection for X
• 9.4.3 The X server
• 9.4.4 X clients
• 9.4.5 X sessions
• 9.4.6 Using X over TCP/IP
• 9.4.7 Connecting to a remote X server – xhost
• 9.4.8 Connecting to a remote X server – ssh
• 9.4.9 The X terminal emulator – xterm
• 9.4.10 X resources
• 9.4.11 Keymaps and pointer button mappings in X
• 9.4.12 Getting root in X
• 9.4.13 TrueType fonts in X
• 9.4.14 Web browsers in X
• 9.5 SSH
• 9.5.1 Basics of SSH
• 9.5.2 Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling
• 9.5.3 Connecting with fewer passwords – RSA
• 9.5.4 Dealing with alien SSH clients
• 9.5.5 Setting up ssh-agent
• 9.5.6 Troubleshooting SSH
• 9.6 Mail
• 9.6.1 Mail transport agents (MTAs)
• 9.6.2 Fetching mail – Fetchmail
• 9.6.3 Processing mail – Procmail
• 9.6.4 Reading mail – Mutt
• 9.7 Localization
• 9.7.1 Basics of localization
• 9.7.2 Locales
• 9.7.3 Introduction to locales
• 9.7.4 Activating locale support
• 9.7.5 Activating a particular locale
• 9.7.6 ISO 8601 date format locale
• 9.7.7 Example for the US (ISO-8859-1)
• 9.7.8 Example for France with Euro sign (ISO-8859-15)
• 9.7.9 Example for a multilingual X window system
• 9.7.10 Alternative X input methods
• 9.7.11 X terminal emulators
• 9.7.12 UTF-8 support for the X terminal emulator
• 9.7.13 Example for UTF-8 in a framebuffer console
• 9.7.14 Beyond locales
• 10 Network configuration
• 10.1 Basics of IP networking
• 10.2 Low level network configuration
• 10.2.1 Low level network configuration – ifconfig and route
• 10.2.2 Low level network configuration – ip
• 10.2.3 Configuring a Wi-Fi interface
• 10.2.4 Configuring a PPP interface
• 10.3 Naming the computer
• 10.3.1 Hostname
• 10.3.2 Mailname
• 10.4 Domain Name Service (DNS)
• 10.4.1 The resolver
• 10.4.2 Managing nameserver information – resolvconf
• 10.4.3 Caching looked-up names – nscd, dnsmasq, pdnsd, bind9
• 10.4.4 Providing Domain Name Service – bind
• 10.5 Configuring network interfaces using DHCP
• 10.6 High level network configuration in Debian
• 10.6.1 Configuring an interface with a static IP address
• 10.6.2 Configuring an interface using DHCP
• 10.6.3 Configuring a Wi-Fi interface
• 10.6.4 Configuring a PPP interface
• 10.6.5 Configuring a PPPoE interface
• 10.6.6 Configuring multiple Ethernet interfaces for a gateway
• 10.6.7 Configuring virtual interfaces
• 10.7 Network configuration using logical interface definitions
• 10.8 Magic network configuration
• 10.8.1 Logical interface selection using guessnet
• 10.8.2 Automatic network configuration using laptop-net
• 10.9 Dealing with inconsistent naming of interfaces by the kernel
• 10.10 Triggering network configuration
• 10.10.1 Triggering network configuration at boot time
• 10.10.2 Triggering network configuration – hotplug
• 10.10.3 Triggering network configuration – ifplugd
• 10.10.4 Triggering network configuration – waproamd
• 10.10.5 Network configuration and PCMCIA
• 10.11 Multi-stage mapping
• 10.12 Network service configuration
• 10.13 Network troubleshooting
• 10.14 Building a gateway router
• 10.14.1 Netfilter configuration
• 10.14.2 Manage multiple net connections
• 11 Editors
• 11.1 Popular editors
• 11.2 Rescue editors
• 11.3 Emacs and Vim
• 11.3.1 Vim hints
• 11.3.2 Emacs hints
• 11.3.3 Starting the editor
• 11.3.4 Editor command summary (Emacs, Vim)
• 11.3.5 Vim configuration
• 11.3.6 Ctags
• 11.3.7 Convert a syntax-highlighted screen to HTML source
• 11.3.8 Split screen with vim
• 12 Version Control Systems
• 12.1 Concurrent Versions System (CVS)
• 12.1.1 Installing a CVS server
• 12.1.2 CVS session examples
• 12.1.3 Troubleshooting CVS
• 12.1.4 CVS commands
• 12.2 Subversion
• 12.2.1 Installing a Subversion server
• 12.2.2 Moving a CVS repository to Subversion
• 12.2.3 Subversion usage examples
• 13 Programming
• 13.1 Where to start
• 13.2 Shell
• 13.2.1 Bash – GNU standard interactive shell
• 13.2.2 POSIX shells
• 13.2.3 Shell parameters
• 13.2.4 Shell redirection
• 13.2.5 Shell conditionals
• 13.2.6 Command-line processing
• 13.3 Awk
• 13.4 Perl
• 13.5 Python
• 13.6 Make
• 13.7 C
• 13.7.1 Simple C program (gcc)
• 13.7.2 Debugging
• 13.7.3 Flex – a better Lex
• 13.7.4 Bison – a better Yacc
• 13.7.5 Autoconf
• 13.8 Document preparation
• 13.8.1 roff typesetting
• 13.8.2 SGML
• 13.8.3 TeX/LaTeX
• 13.8.4 Literate Programming
• 13.9 Packaging
• 13.9.1 Packaging a single binary
• 13.9.2 Packaging with tools
• 14 GnuPG
• 14.1 Installing GnuPG
• 14.2 Using GnuPG
• 14.3 Managing GnuPG
• 14.4 Using GnuPG with applications
• 14.4.1 Using GnuPG with Mutt
• 14.4.2 Using GnuPG with Vim
• 15 Support for Debian
• 15.1 References
• 15.2 Finding the meaning of a word
• 15.3 Finding the popularity of a Debian package
• 15.4 The Debian bug tracking system
• 15.5 Mailing lists
• 15.6 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
• 15.7 Search engines
• 15.8 Websites
• A Appendix
• A.1 Authors
• A.2 Warranties
• A.3 Feedback
• A.4 Document format
• A.5 The Debian maze
• A.6 The Debian quotes

Справочник по Debian